ON SMARANDACHE RINGS

It is proved that a ring R in which for every x ∈ R there exists a (and hence the smallest) natural number n(x) > 1 such that xn(x) = x is always a Smarandache Ring. Two examples are provided for justification

(Anti-)chiral Superfield Approach to Nilpotent Symmetries: Self-Dual Chiral Bosonic Theory

We exploit the beauty and strength of the symmetry invariant restrictions on the (anti-)chiral superfields to derive the Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin (BRST), anti-BRST and (anti-)co-BRST symmetry transformations in the case of a two (1+1)-dimensional (2D) self-dual chiral bosonic field theory within the framework of augmented (anti-)chiral superfield formalism. Our 2D ordinary theory is generalized onto a (2, 2)-dimensional supermanifold which is parameterized by the superspace variable Z^M = (x^\mu, \theta, \bar\theta) where x^\mu (with \mu = 0, 1) are the ordinary 2D bosonic coordinates and (\theta,\, \bar\theta) are a pair of Grassmannian variables with their standard relationships: \theta^2 = {\bar\theta}^2 =0, \theta\,\bar\theta + \bar\theta\theta = 0. We impose the (anti-)BRST and (anti-)co-BRST invariant restrictions on the (anti-)chiral superfields (defined on the (anti-)chiral (2, 1)-dimensional super-submanifolds of the above general (2, 2)-dimensional supermanifold) to derive the above nilpotent symmetries. We do not exploit the mathematical strength of the (dual-)horizontality conditions anywhere in our present investigation. We also discuss the properties of nilpotency, absolute anticommutativity and (anti-)BRST and (anti-)co-BRST symmetry invariance of the Lagrangian density within the framework of our augmented (anti-)chiral superfield formalism. Our observation of the absolute anticommutativity property is a completely novel result in view of the fact that we have considered only the (anti-)chiral superfields in our present endeavor.Comment: LaTeX file, 20 pages, journal reference is give

Counterfactual quantum certificate authorization

We present a multi-partite protocol in a counterfactual paradigm. In counterfactual quantum cryptography, secure information is transmitted between two spatially separated parties even when there is no physical travel of particles transferring the information between them. We propose here a tripartite counterfactual quantum protocol for the task of certificate authorization. Here a trusted third party, Alice, authenticates an entity Bob (e.g., a bank) that a client Charlie wishes to securely transact with. The protocol is counterfactual with respect to either Bob or Charlie. We prove its security against a general incoherent attack, where Eve attacks single particles.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures, close to the published versio

Barrier island erosion and overwash study -- effect of seawalls. Volume 2

This is the second of a pair of reports documenting the effects of storms on beach systems including the presence of seawalls. With the aim of simulating the effects of overwash on barrier islands with seawalls and characterizing their response, a series of eight experiments was conducted at the Coastal Engineering Laboratory of the University of Florida. The barrier island was simulated by a 400 feet wide horizontal crest and an initially uniform mildly-sloped (1:19) beach. The effects of positioning the seawall at two different locations as well as the effects of various storm surge levels and accompanying overtopping were investigated. Experiments were conducted with both regular and irregular storm waves. With the seawall located at the slope break between the crest and the sloping beach of the barrier island, and the crest of the seawall just submerged in sand, the effects on the sediment transport process were found to be minimal. For the same position of the seawall but with the crest of the seawall raised above the surrounding ground level, overtopping caused washover of sand indicating substantial transport in suspension. Increased levels of overtopping tended to accentuate bed profile changes but supress bar formation (as did irregular waves). Positioning the seawall at the Mean Sea Level shoreline caused significant scour both immediately landward as well as immediately seaward of the seawall. A prominent scour trough developed further seaward. The longshore bar was highly three-dimensional. It appears that seawalls need to be located adequately landward of the shoreline to discharge their function effectively without adverse effect to the beach. In addition, concerns for safety warrant the presence of an adequate buffer-zone between the seawall and the upland property. (61 pp.

Design and Development of Novel Hybrid Precoder for Millimeter-Wave MIMO System

Power consumption and hardware cost reduction with the use of hybrid beamforming in large-scale millimeter wave MIMO systems. The large dimensional analog precoding integrates with the hybrid beamforming based on the phase shifters including digital precoding with lower dimensionality. The reduction of Euclidean distance between the hybrid precoder and fully digital is the major problem to overcome the minimization of resultant spectral efficiency. The issue formulates as a fully digital precoder’s matrix factorization problem based on the analog RF precoder matrix and the digital baseband precoder matrix. An additional element-wise unit modulus constraint is imposed by the phase shifters on the analog RF precoder matrix. The traditional methods have a problem of performance loss in spectral efficiency. In the processing time and iteration, high complexities result in optimization algorithms. In this paper, a novel low complexity algorithm proposes which maximizes the spectral efficiency and reduces the computational processing time.